偶然在新加坡国立大学网站上发现一个不管是对雅思写作或是研究所学术论文写作都很有帮助的一个指南《大学文化交流》其实这个手册是给大学新生在学术写作，与老师朋友互动，以及如何上台报告方面等的指导。不过我发现其中几个章节的内容非常非常实用！里面用的语言也非常简单明了，非常适用给任何开始学习英文写作的人。以下我以准备雅思写作的方向挑出手册内容重点。需要论文代写？

第一章：Writing an Academic Essay

雅思写作的提示（写作目的），虽然我还没练习到写作任务2，但我想都是要考生讨论支不支持某种观点，要我们讨论（讨论）对某主题的看法，以及支持与反对的原因。

第一步：Analyse the key words in the prompt

找出题目的重点，并且清楚了解意思，才能进一步发展出中心理论

Some words are significant and will need to be defined as part of your essay. In the example below, the key words are in bold:

“ Surrogate motherhood should be legalized in all countries so that everyone has a chance to have their own children. Discuss. ”

You will need a working definition of surrogate motherhood and legalized. A working definition is one that you will work with so you would choose one that suits your thesis.

第二步：Think of Your Thesis

清楚了解并且定义题目的意思之后，就可以开始思索论文的中心思想了（自己的论点），不管你是支持或反对，要清楚订下一个论文的方向（一个中心思想/一篇论文），才能开始延期出版描述思想要点以及相关的举例（主要和次要支持细节），请避免中心思想的定义太过广泛或太过狭窄，阻碍后面文章的脉络发展，请看下面的举例：

It is now time to craft your essay. The most important idea in your essay is your central　idea, which is called a thesis. The thesis controls the entire essay — all your main points will be a development of it, and all the minor supporting details will illustrate it. For the example essay prompt above, one thesis statement might be:

“ Surrogate motherhood is a useful（赞成） method for conceiving children, but（但有条件） should only be legalized where it is culturally appropriate to do so and for a clearly specified group of people. ”

Make sure that the thesis expresses a controlling idea that is neither too broad nor too specific to develop effectively and that it does not simply state the obvious.

第三步：Organise Your Material

决定好中心思想后，就可以开始写作了，但不是随意发挥，想怎么写就怎么写，要了解文章脉络要怎么发展和架构才可有效地让别人读得懂。

基本上一般的论文会有两种形式，一种是discurive essay（表达不同意见为主;个人意见为辅;偏中立的论文）;另一种是论坛个人意见为主;不同意见为辅;偏主观的论文），我想IELTS大部分是要表明自己的论点为主，因此我在这只说明论证散文的格式，但基本上两种是很相似的，discursive只是少了强调申论个人论点的部分。

Introduction：

• give a brief background to the topic
• address the definition of keywords and issues
• state your thesis
• outline your main points
• delineate your argument showing what your stance is and how you will develop your ideas
• provide a transition into body paragraphs.

Body paragraphs：

• provide a topic sentence which says what the main point of each paragraphs paragraph is
• provide supporting details for your topic sentence
• synthesize what you have read; that is, show what different people think about the same point
• show some critical thinking; that is, tell the readers what you think of what you have read
• present some counterarguments, if you think they are strong ones, to show you understand there is an opposing viewpoint, but…
• provide a refutation showing that you have an argument against that opposing viewpoint, and

Conclusion：

• recap your main points
• reiterate your thesis, and
• give your final word, if any.

基本上我还没开始练习写作第二部分，所以我还不太清楚雅思写作第二部分的方向，上述是非常详细和严谨的论文写法，我也已经把完全不相关的（例如：参考文献）的部分删掉，剩下部分也不见得在雅思写作需要用到，毕竟只是个至少250字的小论文，不过大概的重点就是

起：

• 自己对题目的理解与背景原因解释
• 简单表明自己的观点
• 概述描述选择此观点的原因

主体：

• 在每段主体段落一开头要先写一个主题句，提示读者自己这段要阐明什么。
• 详细叙述主题并且提供例子
• 找出跟自己不一样的论点有哪些？你觉得如何？为什么？
• 正反综合意见

结语：

再次申明和整理自己的论点

有一个让我们不得不“声泪俱下”的事实摆在了眼前，纵然你是急得上蹿下跳也好，抓耳挠腮也罢，它就在那里：不卑不亢！不离不弃！你问是啥？ 英语论文呗！
很多学生会想： 哎呀，我论文那是手到擒来，无需担忧。可您莫不是忘啦？是全英语，英语哇~~英语论文代写
由于写作习惯或者用语习惯的不同，很多留学生都深感英文论文写作困难，相对母语是汉文的留学生来讲，这是个坎儿~
甚至很多时候都不知道该怎么去表达自己的观点，或者是有心无力，根本无法很好地表达自己的观点。总不能用一篇言辞华丽的中文交给导师吧？除非你活腻了~
而在这种情况下，同学们，我倒是可以透露给你们一些写作小技巧，尝试用一些短语来表达观点，下面就给大家推荐一下英文写作高分短语。
1.In order to为了……Usage: “In order to” can be used to introduce an explanation for the purpose of an argument. Example: “In order to understand X, we need first to understand Y.”
2. In other words换句话说Usage: Use“in other words” when you want to express something in a different way(more simply), to make it easier to understand, or to emphasise or expand on a point.
用途： 用作强调或扩展某一个观点时
Example: “Frogs are amphibians. In other words, they live on the land and in the water.”
3. To put it another way 换句话说Usage: This phrase is another way of saying“in other words”, and can be used in particularly complex points
when you feel that an alternative way of wording a problem may help the reader achieve a better understanding of its significance.
这个短语是in otherwords的另外一种说法，在针对一些比较困难的观点说明时，不妨换种说法咯！切不可吊死在一颗歪脖子树上，是不是嘞？
Example: “Plants rely on photosynthesis. To put it another way, they will die without the sun.”
4. That is to say也就是说Usage: “Thatis” and“that is to say” can be used to add further detail to your explanation, or to be more precise.
这个短语一般是用在当你想要增加一些更细节的信息，或者想要说的更加精确的时候。Example: “Whales are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe air.”
5. To that end为了达到那个目的 Usage: Use“to that end” or“to this end” in a similar way to“in order to” or“so”.
其实to that end或者to this end的用法和in order to或者so的用法相似。
Example: “Zoologists have long sought to understand how animals communicate with each other. To that end, a new study has been launched that looks at elephant sounds and their possible meanings.
”Adding additional information to support a point 添加额外的信息来支撑一个观点
Students often make the mistake of using synonyms of“and” each time they want to add further information in support of a point they’ remaking, or to build an argument. Here are some cleverer ways of doing this.
6.Moreover另外，此外、还有……Usage: Employ“moreover” at the start of a sentence to add extra information in support of a point you’re making.这个词一般用在一个句子的开始来增加额外的信息，用以支撑你正在树立的观点。
Example: “Moreover, the results of a recent piece of research provide compelling evidence in support of…”
7.Furthermore此外，而且Usage: This is also generally used at the start of a sentence, to add extra information.Example: “Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that…”
8. What’s more此外Usage: This is used in the same way as“moreover” and“furthermore”.
Example: “What’s more, this isn’t the only evidence that supports this hypothesis.”
9. Likewise同样地Usage: Use“likewise” when you want to talk about something that agrees with what you’ve just mentioned.当你想要表述某一个与你前面提到的内容相一致的东西的时候，你就可以使用这个词。
Example: “Scholar A believes X. Likewise, scholars argue compellingly in favour of this point of view.”
10.Similarly类似地Usage: Use“similarly” in the same way as“likewise”. Example: “Audiences at the time reacted with shock to Beethoven’ snew work, because it was very different to what they were used to. Similarly,
we have a tendency to react with surprise to the unfamiliar.”
11.Another key thing to remembe注意啦，重要的事情不会讲3遍，因为我码字也很累滴！Usage: Use the phrase“another key point to remember” or“another key fact to remember” to introduce additional facts without using the word“also”.
当想要表述另外的事实或者信息，但是同时你又不想使用also这个词的时候，你可以考虑使用这个短语。
Example: “As a Romantic, Blake was a proponent of a closer relationship between humans and nature. Another key point to remember is that Blake was writing during the Industrial Revolution, which had a major impact on the world around him.”
12. As well as usage: Use“as well as” instead of“also” or“and”.同样可以用来替代also或者and。
Example:“Scholar A argued that this was due toX, as well as Y.”
13.Not only…but also不仅如此……而且……Usage: This wording is used to add an extra piece of information, often something that’s in some way more surprising or unexpected than the first piece of information.
Example:“Not only did Edmund Hillary have the honour of being the first to reach the summit of Everest, but he was also appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.”
14.Coupled with usage: Used when considering two or more arguments at a time.当同时提出两个或者更多的论点的时候，可以使用这个短语进行过渡。
这其实是一个过去分词短语作状语，其意思可以大致理解为“与……一起的还有……”。
Example:“Coupled with the literary evidence,thestatistics paint a compelling view of…”
15. Firstly, secondly, thirdly…Usage:This can be used to structure an argument,presenting facts clearly one afterthe other.
Example:“There are many points in support ofthis view.Firstly,X.Secondly,Y.And thirdly,Z.
16.Not to mention/to say nothing of更不必说Usage:“Notto mention”and“to say nothing of”can be used to add extra informationwith a bit of emphasis.提供另外的一些信息，并且对这额外的信息加以一定的强调。
Example:“The war caused unprecedented suffering to millions of people,not to mention its impact on the country’s economy.”Wordsand phrases for demonstrating contrast表示对比的词语或短语。
Whenyou’redeveloping an argument,you will often need to present contrasting or opposing opinions or evidence–“itcould show this,but it could also show this”,or“X says this,but Y disagrees”.
This section covers words you can use instead of the“but”in these examples,to make your writing sound moreintelligent and interesting.
17.However 然而，但是Usage:Use“however”to introduce a point that disagrees with what you’ve just said. Example:“Scholar A thinks this. However, scholars reached a different conclusion.”
18.On the other handUsage:Usage of this phrase includes introducing a contrasting interpretation of thesame piece of evidence,a different piece of evidence that suggests something else,or an opposing opinion.
Example:“The historical evidence appears tosuggest a clear-cut situation.On the other hand,the archaeological evidencepresents a somewhat less straightforward picture of what happened that day.”
19.Having said that除……之外，即便如此Usage:Used in a similar manner to“on the other hand”or“but”.与on the other hand或者but用法类似。
其实这个短语从表现形式上看它是一个现在分词短语作状语，但是由于它被使用的次数非常频繁，所以现在它已经成为了一个独立的短语。
Example:“The historians are unanimous intelling us X,an agreement that suggests that this version of events must be anaccurate account.Having said that,the archaeology tells a different story.”
20.By contrast/in comparison通过比较Usage:Use“bycontrast”or“in comparison”when you’re comparing and contrasting pieces of evidence.
Example:“Scholar A’s opinion,then,is based oninsufficient evidence.By contrast,Scholar B’s opinion seems more plausible.”
以上是为大家整理的比较实用型20个短语，希望能够对你们有所帮助哦！

初篇我们先来看下，什么是Cause and effect essay？所谓Cause and effect essay，也就是因果分析论文。 这也是一种常见的美国Assignment写作形式，经常出现在学校的作业和雅思等标准化考试中。更是论文写作中很重要的存在。 今天ESSAY1ST  小编就来为大家介绍一下,cause and effect essay写作中比较常见的三种写作类型。

什么是Cause and Effect Essay？

Cause and effect essay它是一种分析某一行为或事件的因果关系的书面形式，通常被教授用来测试你理解某一事件或行为的能力。

Cause and Effect Essay写作类型

一般来说，cause and effect essay按照因果间关系的数量来分，有三种类型： 澳洲assignment代写cause and effect essay outline

1.众多原因，一个结果 这个类型的文章是用来阐述多个不同的起因如何导致同一个结果，目的是为了检验不同的原因，并证明它们如何导致了某一个结果。 Outline： -Introduction开头 -Body正文 1)Cause#1起因1 2)Cause#2起因2 3)Cause#3起因3（如有更多起因可继续罗列） 4)The effect of the causes这些起因导致的结果 -Conclusion结论

2.一个起因，多个结果 这个类型的cause and effect essay它是为了解释一个事件、问题或决定所引起的不同结果。同样，你需要展示你理解和分析一个领域的能力。如果你对一个问题或事件的根源有深刻的理解，这将对你的写作很有帮助。 Outline: -Introduction开头 -Body正文 1)The Cause起因 2)Effect#1第一个结果 3)Effect#2第二个结果 4)Effect#3第三个结果（如有更多结果可以继续罗列） -Conclusion结论

3.Chain of causes and effects因果链 这种类型是最有趣但也是最具挑战性的、最有难度的。你需要掌握一个逻辑链来证明一系列成因及结果，最终至这个逻辑链的末端。 Outline： -Introduction开头 -Body正文 1)Cause#1第一个起因 2)Effect#1=Cause#2第一个结果，同样也作为第二个起因 3)Effect#2=Cause#3第二个结果，同样也作为第三个起因 4)Effect#3（=Cause#4）第三个结果，同样也作为第四个起因（如还有更多因果可继续列出） -Conclusion结论 以上便是ExcellentDue小编为大家整理的三种Cause and effect essay写作类型以及分别Outline的结构，希望大家要掌握。 如果有不会写这类Essay的同学们建议选择Essay代写服务，100%原创定制，100%免费售后，新客户还可享受立减5%的优惠，欢迎咨询网站客服。